Estimation techniques are methods used to predict or determine the value of a parameter, variable, or quantity of interest in research. These techniques help researchers make informed decisions and draw conclusions based on limited information or data. Some common estimation techniques include: 1. Point estimation: Involves finding a single value or point that is believed to be the most likely estimate of the parameter of interest. This can be done using statistical methods such as the method of moments or maximum likelihood estimation. 2. Interval estimation: Instead of providing a single point estimate, interval estimation gives a range of values within which the true parameter value is likely to fall. Confidence intervals are commonly used to express the uncertainty in the estimate. 3. Regression analysis: This technique involves fitting a mathematical model to the data to estimate the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable. This allows researchers to make predictions based on the model. 4. Bayesian estimation: Involves using Bayesian statistics to update prior knowledge or beliefs about the parameter of interest based on the data collected. This approach provides a framework for incorporating uncertainty in the estimation process. 5. Bootstrapping: A resampling technique used for estimating the sampling distribution of a statistic by repeatedly sampling from the data and calculating the statistic of interest. This method is useful when assumptions about the distribution of the data are uncertain. Overall, estimation techniques play a crucial role in research by providing researchers with tools to make reliable and informed decisions based on limited or incomplete information.